Ibn Jubayr and Islam in the West Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ibn Jubayr and Islam in the West - Assignment Example Menocal (2002) takes note of that he in this way needed to show the significance of Islam in his offer to charm more individuals into it and rescue the circumstance (p. 54-61). Over his movements, Jubayr focuses at the practices which were being polished at this point they were not adequate in the Muslim lessons. For instance, while discussing the Palemo Muslims, he takes note of that they have instructors in their Madrasas yet a similar rehearsed as shippers. He denounced the demonstration. It is imperative to take note of that Jubayr censures most Christian practices and characters. As indicated by Bush-Joseph (2012), for example he depicts King Baldwin IV and his mom as pig and sow individually because of their activities in keeping up Jerusalem and Acre under Christian control (p. 43). Nonetheless, he shows strict resistance while portraying King William whom he says is splendid for his simply direct (p. 44). This shows his judgment of some Christian perspectives isn't one-sided as he is quick to note when there is anything to be complimented about a similar gathering. Seeing his work, he has basically tended to the critical of the Muslim religion in the west during his movements and communication with the

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay

Significance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay Which means: in the field of showcasing, channels of dispersion demonstrates courses or pathways through which products and enterprises stream, or more from makers to customers. We can characterize officially the conveyance channels as the arrangement of associated promoting foundations partaking in the advertising exercises engaged with the development the progression of products or administrations from the essential makers to extreme purchasers. A channel of dispersion is a way followed in the immediate or circuitous exchange of responsibility for item as it moves from makers to customers. A channel is pipeline through which a streams on its way to the shoppers. The administrator put his items into the pipeline advertising channels and it moves towards different showcasing individuals and arrives at a definitive buyer which is the opposite finish of the channels. Parts of appropriation framework: The appropriation framework includes two parts, for example, underneath. Channels of appropriation Physical appropriation Channels of appropriation: implies a procedure through which the items are moved from the makers to a definitive buyers. It otherwise called promoting channels. The channels individuals, for example, vendors specialists wholesalers and retailers are go betweens in conveyance and they play out all advertising capacities. These channels individuals, for example, vendors operators wholesalers and retailers are go betweens in commitment and attempt perform as indicated by advertising capacities. These go betweens encourage the procedure of trade and make time, spot and ownership utilities through coordinating and arranging process. Arranging empowers meeting or coordinating the gracefully with purchasers request. Physical circulation: it takes care of physical treatment of merchandise and guarantees most extreme clients administrations. It targets offering of conveyance of right products at the night dispersion exercises spread: Request preparing Bundling Warehousing Transportation Stock control Client support. All center in dispersion on plays out these capacity and they guarantee putting the items with in an a careful distance clients want and request. Components of circulation channels: Way: circulation channels are a pathway through which items and administrations stream from producers to clients. Stream: this of products and enterprises in successive and for the most part in directional. Sythesis: it is made out of go-betweens likewise called agents who take an interest in the progression of intentionally. Destinations: in spite of the fact that channels segments to a great extent endeavor to accomplish commonly adequate targets, the maker center is an accomplishing corporate showcasing objective. Pioneer: producer drives the channels parts and their conduct is managed by commonly adequate set of principles, exchange client or potentially contracted specification. Along these lines the organization goes about as the channels subtitle and deals with the pathway. Capacities: the mediators perform such capacities which encourages moves of proprietorship and ownership of products and ventures from advertisers to purchasers. The capacity performed by middle people is been delegated follows: Sifting through: it includes breaking a homogeneous through evaluating or review. Amassing: it includes bringing various like items together into an enormous homogeneous gracefully. This procedure is called focus. Designation: it includes sifting through of aggregated items and comprises of separating a homogeneous flexibly into smacker parcels it is additionally alluded to as the procedure of scattering. Grouping: it includes building a collection of various however maybe a related item to frame a supply of a middle person. At the maker level combination are directed by creation innovation while at the purchaser and, use arrangements are administered by utilization design. These errors in combination make open doors for delegates to take an interest in the channels of appropriation. Significance of appropriation channels: Channels of appropriation for an item the course taken by the title to products they are from the makers to a definitive purchasers. It is significant in light of the fact that item in one spot while the utilization dissipated in many spot. So there is large hole among makers and the customers. So through channels of appropriation can just fill the hole. A channel of circulation associates a connection between the makers and the shoppers. The center man assumes a significant job in shopper direction request. The go betweens are pro in focus evening out and scattering, for example gathers yield of different makers partition the items as indicated by the requirements of the shoppers. scatter this collection to the purchasers. The accomplishment of channels of appropriation [COD] is totally relying on the mediators as they make time and ownership utility. The COD aides in making items accessible at opportune time in the night place and in the correct quality. Showcasing is a complete term, which incorporates dissemination likewise, conveyance is a capacity to appropriation or sub partitioned the makers merchandise to different explicit markets which acquired to every single extreme shopper. Job of channels of dispersion Channel of Distribution assumes a significant job in accomplishing the promoting destinations of an organization. Without a doubt, the producer of item or administrations makes include utility yet the dissemination channels make time and spot utilities. As per Drucker, both the market and dispersion channels are offer more critical than the item. They are essential; the item is optional. In a regularly augmenting market, especially in customer merchandise advertise circulation channels have an unmistakable job in the effective usage of promoting plans and methodologies. These channels playing out the accompanying promoting capacities the apparatus of dispersion. The looking out of purchasers and dealer. Coordinating merchandise to necessities of the market(merchandising) Offering items as groupings bundles of things usable and satisfactory by the purchasers/clients. Convincing and impacting the forthcoming purchasers to support a specific items and its creator [personal selling/deals promotion]. Actualizing estimating systems in such a way, that would be adequate to the purchasers and guarantee compelling dispersion capacities. Taking an interest effectively in the creation and foundation of market for another item. Offering pre-and after deals administration to client Moving of new innovation to the clients alongside the flexibly of items and playing green goals in our nation. Giving feels back data, showcasing knowledge and deals estimating administrations for their areas their providers. Offering credit to retailers and customers. Hazard holding on for references to stock holding transport. Broker IN DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Shipper go-betweens are those channels part who take both title to and position of products from the procedure part (s) and channels them to the aftereffect. These may arrange as follows: Wholesalers : A dealers wholesalers might be characterized as that middle person who purchases products in mass from makes and sells them to a great extent to resulting go-betweens taking part in the channel, specifically, semi-wholesalers and retailers, they purchase the merchandise and sees the equivalent for their own and hazard. They take title of merchandise and they resale the products at a benefit with commission. Retailers: A retailer might be characterized as that trader delegate who purchases item from going before challes individuals in littler arranged parcels to suit people buyer prerequisites. Retail in the last mediators in the channel of circulation as he is going to offer items to houses holds buyers for non-business use. Retailers are additionally named institutional and non-institutional retailers. The institutional retailers are: Shopper Co-employable stores. Reasonable value shops. Departmental stores. Chain/different stores. Mail request houses. The non-institutional purchasers are: Stress venders. Sellers. Sellers. Operator Intermediaries: Operator Intermediaries are those channel segments who never take title to end generally don't take title to and for the most part don't claim merchandise however simply help makers, dealers mediators and buyers in completing exchanges of offer and buy. There for, in contrast to shipper middle people, they don't accepting or sell products for their own yet simply unite purchasers and merchants so as to strike an exchange. There exist an organization connection between such a middle person makers where in the previous goes about as operator and the last as his head, such specialist go-betweens request orders, now and then with prudence a fixing costs, and decides the term of offer with purchasers. Specialist delegates are typically compensable for their administrations by method of commission on the estimation of offer influenced through them or some other premise normally concurs upon. Specialist middle people might be additionally delegated follows: Sole selling operator. Selling operator. Commission operator. Intermediaries. Channel choice The main issue of divert plan in whether you need direct deal to customer or circuitous deal i.e., deal through agent under the immediate deals the channel issue becomes issues of organization association. On the off chance that the organization picks the aberrant course, it must think about such issue as the sort and number of middlemans and techniques to be utilized in inspiring and controlling them. The choice of these brokers creatures with the information on extreme clients his needs and wants for dissemination administrations. Client comforts and financial matters of select conveyance will decide the quantity of agent utilized. The organization must pick whether to endeavor broad, particular or elite appropriation or blend of each of the three sorts, the choice is made after the cautious examination of item, client, sellers, and friends targets and po

The Fellowship Search The Rule of Two COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Fellowship Search The Rule of Two COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I remember in college I was always told that for every hour spent in class, I should expect to spend two hours outside of class studying.   I believe that a similar maxim applies to the search for funding to help pay for graduate school.   My belief is that for every hour you spend working on an admission application for graduate school, you should spend at least 2 times the amount of time looking for fellowships. At first this might seem like a very strange thing for me to say so let me provide some background.   First off, most professional schools like SIPA do provide fellowship funding, but nowhere near the amount that would cover all educationally related costs.   Our program is full-time and you need to pay for tuition, books, rent, food, travel, etc. I believe that some people apply for graduate school and count on fellowship aid from the school being available.   While it is true that approximately 70% of eligible second year students at SIPA receive fellowship funding, only approximately 10-15 % of first year students receive SIPA fellowship funding. For many who are admitted without SIPA fellowship funding, the confounding question of how to pay for everything comes up almost immediately.   The good news is that there is evidence that many SIPA applicants are looking for external fellowship funding.   This is evidenced by the fact that each year for the past few years students have brought in close to $5 million total in outside scholarships, fellowships, and grants.   This does not come without a price and that price is time and effort looking for funding. So lets break down an estimate of how many hours go into the application process.   Part 1 of the application process is pretty simple, fill out the online application and submit it, about 30-45 minutes, but lets round up to 1 hour.   You also have to contact those that will be writing letters of recommendation for you, lets say 20 minutes per for a total of 1 hour.   So 2 hours on Part 1. Part 2 is a bit more complex and these are only estimates to get a ballpark figure.   The two required résumés will probably take around 3 hours.   The personal statement is hard to gauge but by the time you are done, three hours is probably a good minimum.   Lets give getting your transcripts in order and uploaded 1 hour.   Finally there are test scores.   This is a toughie because the time spent studying for these exams can be excessive.   Everyone is different, but lets give it a nice round figure of 10 hours for calculation purposes.   So what do we have . . . 1 Hour on the Application 1 Hour on contacting those who will write letters of recommendation 3 Hours on résumé preparation 3 Hours on your personal statement 1 Hour ordering and scanning transcripts for upload 10 Hours on test taking and preparation That puts you at around 19 hours of preparation that go into the application process.   Lets round up and call it 20 hours. Thus my belief is that you should spend a minimum of 40 hours looking for and applying for fellowship opportunities.   How do you do this?   There is no one right answer, sometimes we find out about opportunities by happenstance.   However you can improve your chances by engaging in the following: •  Check out SIPA’s own fellowship database. We search for scholarships for you and post them to the database.   The database is not SIPA specific.   As we search for and hear about funding, we make the information available to you. •  Use RSS  technology to deliver news to your email account or RSS Reader.   RSS allows for news to be delivered to you without having to go look for it every day.   As an example, Gmail accounts have something called the “Alert” tool and I am sure other providers have the same capability.   All you have to do is put in text for searches and a search engine will perform the searches daily  and deliver news to your email account.   You can type in search terms like “Graduate School Scholarships” or “International Affairs Scholarships.”   You can also utilize an RSS reader.   They are free and if you do not know what an RSS reader is, click here for a YouTube tutorial. •  Talk to people you know who have gone to graduate school and find out if they were able to find scholarship opportunities. •  Contact people who are willing to write you a letter of recommendation and have them make multiple copies of the recommendation letter and give them to you in sealed envelops so you are ready if a scholarship opportunity arises and there is a tight deadline. • Speak with people at your undergraduate university alumni relations, career services, faculty members, etc. • Talk to the organization you work for to find out if they sponsor students or have grants for furthering your education. In summary, dont let the funding issue sneak up on you.   Spend adequate time searching for funding sources and to help make your graduate dream a reality.

Botfly Facts and Tips for Removal

The botfly is a type of parasitic fly, best-known for disturbing images of its larval stage in skin and horror stories of infested people. The botfly is any fly from the family Oestridae. The flies are obligate internal mammalian parasites, which means they cant complete their life cycle unless the larvae have a suitable host. The only species of botfly that parasitizes humans is Dermatobia hominis. Like many species of botfly, Dermatobia grows within the skin. However, there are other species that grow within the hosts gut. Fast Facts: Botfly Common Name: Botfly or Bot FlyScientific Name: Family OestridaeAlso Known As: Warble flies, gadflies, heel fliesDistinguishing Features: Hairy fly with a metallic bot appearance. Infestation is characterized by an irritated bump, with a hole in the center for the larval breathing tube. Movement may sometimes be felt within the lump.Size: 12 to 19 mm (Dermatobia hominis)Diet: Larvae require mammalian flesh. Adults do not eat.Lifespan: 20 to 60 days after hatching (Dermatobia hominis)Habitat: The human bot fly lives primarily in Central and South America. Other botfly species are found worldwide.Conservation Status: Not evaluatedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: DipteraFamily: OestroidaeFun Fact: Botfly larvae are edible and are said to taste like milk. How to Recognize a Botfly With its hairy, striped body, you could say a botfly looks like a cross between a bumblebee and a house fly. Othersv liken a botfly to a living bot or miniature flying robot, because the reflective hairs give the fly a metallic appearance. The human botfly, Dermatobia, has yellow and black bands, but other species have different coloration. The human botfly is about 12-19 mm in length, with hair and spines on its body. The adult lacks biting mouthparts and does not feed. In some species, botfly eggs are easily identified. For example, equine botflies lay eggs that resemble tiny drops of yellow paint on the horses coat. The fly is best known for its larval stage or maggot. Larvae that infest skin grow under the surface, but leave a small opening through which the maggot breathes. The larvae irritate skin, producing a swelling or warble. Dermatobia larvae have spines, which worsen the irritation. Bot fly larvae cause a lump with an open center, through which the breathing tube may be visible. Petruss Where Do Botflies Live? The human botfly lives in Mexico, Central America, and South America. People who live in other areas generally get infected while traveling. Other species of botfly are found across the globe, primarily (but not exclusively) in warm tropical and subtropical regions. These species infest pets, livestock, and wild animals. The Botfly Life Cycle Cuterebra sp. botfly larva extracted from the neck of a dead rabbit. Katja Schulz The bot fly life cycle always involves a mammalian host. Adult flies mate and then the female deposits up to 300 eggs. She may lay eggs directly on the host, but some animals are wary of botflies, so the flies have evolved to use intermediate vectors, including mosquitoes, houseflies, and ticks. If an intermediate is used, the female grasps it, rotates it, and attaches her eggs (under the wings, for flies and mosquitoes). When the botfly or its vector lands on a warm-blooded host, the increased temperature stimulates the eggs to drop onto the skin and burrow into it. The eggs hatch into larvae, which extend a breathing tube up through the skin to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The larvae (instars) grow and molt, finally dropping from the host into the soil to form pupae and molt into adult flies. Some species do not develop in skin, but are ingested and burrow into the hosts intestine. This happens in animals that lick themselves or rub their nose on body parts. After several months to a year, the larvae pass through the feces to complete its maturation process. In most cases, bot flies do not kill their host. However, sometimes the irritation caused by the larvae leads to skin ulceration, which can result in infection and death. How to Remove Botfly Larvae Botfly larvae Hypoderma diana under a deers skin. Avalon_Studio / Getty Images Infestation with larval flies is termed myiasis. While its a characteristic of the botfly life cycle, it actually occurs with other types of flies, too. There are several methods used to remove fly larvae. The preferred method is to apply a topical anesthetic, slightly enlarge the opening for the mouthparts, and use forceps to remove the larvae. Other methods include: Using a venom extractor syringe from a first aid kit to suck the larvae from the skin.Oral dosing with the antiparasitic avermectin, which leads to spontaneous emergence of the larvae.Flooding the opening with iodine, which causes the fly to poke out of the hole, facilitating its removal.Applying the sap of the matatorsalo tree (found in Costa Rica), which kills the larvae, but does not remove it.Sealing the breathing hole with petroleum jelly, white glue mixed with insecticide, or nail polish, which suffocates the larvae. The hole is enlarged and the carcass is removed with forceps or tweezers.Applying adhesive tape to the breathing hole, which sticks to the mouthparts and pulls out the larvae when the tape is removed.Forcefully squeezing the warble from the base to push the larvae through the opening. Killing the larvae before removal, squeezing them out, or pulling them out with tape is not recommended because rupturing the larvae body can cause anaphylactic shock, make removal of the entire body more difficult, and increase chance of infection. How to Avoid a Botfly Infestation The easiest way to avoid getting infested with botflies is to avoid where they live. Since that isnt always practical, the next best tactic is to apply insect repellent to deter flies, as well as mosquitoes, wasps, and ticks that can carry fly eggs. Wearing a hat and clothing with long sleeves and pants helps to minimize exposed skin. Sources Felt, E.P. (1918). Caribou Warble Grubs Edible. Journal of Economic Entomology. 11: 482.Human Bot Fly Myiasis (2010). U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.Mullen, Gary; Durden, Lance, eds. (2009). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Amsterdam, NL: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-372500-4.Pape, Thomas (April 2001). Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Systematic Entomology. 26 (2): 133–171. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00143.xPiper, Ross (2007). Human Botfly. Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 192–194. ISBN 0-313-33922-8.

Aboliton Presentation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 959 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Sociology Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Building a bigger jail was not help in correcting the behavior of prisoners who did not even deserve to be in prison. The bigger jail meant that the number of prisoners was to be increased but what was more worrying was the procedure in which they were arrested and charged. The charges were based on reasons that were not justified in law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aboliton Presentation" essay for you Create order Instead of the USA government looking at the main causes of big populations in jails they were concerned with building a bigger jail to contain the law breakers, they were busy trying to look for ways of increasing the number of prisoners. Their charges should be based on individualsmisconducts but not political or ideological differences. Prisons should be places to correct those who go wrong or those who go against public policy for their own selfish gains. Race gender and class should not be the determinants of who should be in prison and who should be free but rather individual violation of the law should be the one that should be taken in to account (Dumas, 2016). The prisons in USA were full of people who were criminalized without genuine reasons since in most cases women from minority groups formed the largest populations in those prisons. Discrimination amongst the women saw most of the women of color going to prison. Men were considered as special beings that were easy to re form through religious study and work. Instead of loving the families of the prisoners, they were despised and ignored. Human life is more crucial and should be treated with dignity to enhance quality life. Oppression, discrimination and domination are the major problems that prisoners were facing in jail. The most ironical in this case is that the bigger jail was meant to be built to contain the most vulnerable population such as pregnant women who need care and affection. It is thus important for the government to address the issues resulting to prisonersincrement rather than looking for ways of accommodating in bigger jails. The bigger jail should be built to ease congestion for the already available prisoners but not for containing more prisoners. People should be imprisoned on genuine cause in order to make sure that the populations of prisoners were checked. The resources that would have been committed in constructing the bigger jail and also maintaining those prisons should have been used in rehabilitating the prisoners in order to correct their behaviors. Several issues have been raised in the paper that shows how prisoners and prisons benefited the government. The criminalized could be used for free and cheap labor for the government and the money that was made pay for the labor was drained into personal pockets. Rights of the prisoners were also destroyed since they could not be able to undertake some important things like education while in prison. Visiting the prisoners in jails was another way of reaping the poor off their resources since they could spend substantial amounts of resources and ti me to pay visits to their loved ones. The problem of life in prisons was so unbearable to the prisoners and they always struggled to survive. Based on race, gender, class and sexuality women faced fierce circumstances than men since men were always considered to be more superior to women. White women were treated much better than Latino and black women and that is what accounted for bigger numbers of Latino and black women in prisons. According to Gianesini et al 2015, abolitionists have contributed much in the attaining of equality and order in USA because they have ever been working around the clock to make sure that some of the atrocities that were committed towards minority groups stopped. Discrimination based on race, gender and class has drastically reduced in the USA as a result of the abolitionist. They have tried to make people aware of the possible economic, political and social costs that were likely to be incurred by countries which were dominated by the culture of racism and discrimination. Through their efforts, women in the USA have found and taken their place in the society. The abolitionists thought that constructing of a bigger jail would not mean well for the black Americana, women and the poor since the rich would take advantage and always be reaping from the most disadvantaged in the society. They advocated for the government to seek for ways of addressing the problems that resulted to too man y prisoners being in jail. They argued that, once the causes of people going to prisons were addressed, there will be no need for a bigger jail to contain more prisoners but rather it would ease congestion in the already existing prisoners. The limitations to the abolitionistsproposal were the ignorance by the government to listen to their voices due to the benefits that the government intended to get from the whole project. Due to persistence and resilience, the government had no alternative other than starting to practice what was being proposed by the abolitionists. References Dumas, P. E. (2016). Proslavery Politics after Abolition. In? Proslavery Britain? (pp. 143-162). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Dumas, P. E. (2016). Proslavery Politics after Abolition. In? Proslavery Britain? (pp. 143-162). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Gianesini, S., Menegatti, E., Zuolo, M., Tessari, M., Spath, P., Ascanelli, S., Zamboni, P. (2015). Laser-assisted strategy for reflux abolition in a modified CHIVA approach.? Veins and Lymphatics,? 4(2). Gianesini, S., Menegatti, E., Zuolo, M., Tessari, M., Spath, P., Ascanelli, S., Zamboni, P. (2015). Laser-assisted strategy for reflux abolition in a modified CHIVA approach.? Veins and Lymphatics,? 4(2). Tsiachris, D., Silberbauer, J., Maccabelli, G., Oloriz, T., Baratto, F., Mizuno, H., Guarracini, F. (2015). Electroanatomical voltage and morphology characteristics in post-infarction patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia ablation: a pragmatic approach favoring late potentials abolition.? Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, CIRCEP-114.

Organisational Analysis Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss the view that mechanistic and bureaucratic organisations will probably struggle to encourage organisational learning. The structure and learning perspectives of organisational analysis will be used as academic lenses to view and propel this discussion. Relevant theories will be applied to analyse my own organisational experiences (direct and indirect). We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples derived from case studies of organisational situations will be looked at so as to make the discussion more cohesive. To begin with definitions of the perspectives in question will be given as to make understanding of the different types of organisations clearer. According to Drummond (2000) mechanical imagery depicts organisations as static machine-like entities operating in a steady and predictable manner. Likewise, the metaphor of bureaucracy suggests that people in organisations are bounded by rules, job descriptions and organisation charts. It is important to note that Taylor’s philosophy is founded upon mechanical imagery. The key concepts in the structural perspective are based on Taylor’s principles of scientific management and Weber’s ideal bureaucracy. Taylor (1911) formalised the principles of scientific management into four objectives which are division of labour, one best way, scientific selection and training and monitor performance. In Taylor’s view, organisations need clearly articulated objectives, sharp divisions of labour, specified hierarchies and responsibilities and formalised systems of control. Taylor saw people as near-automatons (robots), potentially troublesome perhaps, but basically programmable given proper supervision and appropriate incentives. In Taylor’s eyes, the existence of contradiction and ambiguity in organisations were signs of managerial weakness, something which could and should be eliminated. His work is basically a recipe for clarity and control (Drummond, 2000). According to Taylor (1911), output could be increased not by requiring operatives to work harder, but by showing them how to work more efficiently. Taylor came up with scientific management for shop floor workers but I have realised that even the fast food industry has adopted the same kind of set-up. Whilst working in McDonalds on the BigMac grill there was a systematic approach to work and it was timed, 1 – place buns in toaster, 2 – after thirty seconds place burgers on grill, 3 – dress the buns, 4 – place burgers on buns. This routine was done by two people and we would do this all day. Steps 1 and 3 would be done by one person and steps 2 and 4 by another; this was done so that the person handling meat stayed there and not touch the buns. It was like an assembly line because the burgers moved from one employee to the other doing different things but to achieve the same outcome. Constant monitoring was in place as we were given stars according to progress or put simply as to how many different stations you can work at, e. g. a star for each station – tills, chips or chicken. The layout of the kitchen looked like one conveyor belt going round and round. Critics have mentioned that mechanistic approaches work well when the task is straightforward, stable environment, replication, precision and compliance. All these attributes are greatly present in McDonalds and the other fact was that we had to clock in and out we were expected to behave like machines to be predictable and efficient. Extreme forms of the machine metaphor of organisations are seen in the bureaucracies and mass production factories – of which McDonalds is a bit of both. Weber based his ideal bureaucracy model on legal and absolute authority, logic and order. In Weber’s idealised organisational structure, the responsibilities for workers are clearly defined and behaviour is tightly controlled by policies, procedures and rules. To a certain extent organisations should have some sort of bureaucracy and there are a number of bureaucratic structures. Morgan (1993) mentioned that the types of bureaucracy are rigid (person at the top), bureaucracy with task forces and project teams (guided by strict procedures) and bureaucracy with senior management team. The main idea that Weber brought about was the rational type of bureaucracy which is characterised by specialisation, authority hierarchy, operating rules and procedures and impersonality. Now looking at Taylor the characteristics of his organisation are division of management and labour, scientification of work and specialisation of tasks. It is not difficult to note that Taylor was a big influence on Weber and we can conclude that in these types of organisations decision-making is based on fairness and strict procedures. Weber’s theory of organisations reflected an impersonal attitude towards the people in the organisation. Indeed, the work force, with its personal frailties and imperfections, was regarded as a potential detriment to the efficiency of any system. Weber’s idea of rationality was best developed further by Ritzer and coined a new term for it â€Å"McDonaldisation†. According to Ritzer (2007), a society characterised by rationalisation is one which emphasises efficiency, predictability, calculability, substitution of nonhuman for human technology and control over uncertainty. The process of McDonaldisation takes a task and breaks it down into smaller tasks. This is repeated until all tasks have been broken down to the smallest possible level. The resulting tasks are then rationalized to find the single most efficient method for completing each task. All other methods are then deemed inefficient and discarded. McDonalds have standardised their product to make it more efficient, e. g. McDonalds is the same wherever you go – a big mac is still a big mac, we know what to expect in a McDonalds and we know how to behave as well because of that predictability. McDonalds’ environment is structured in a way that there are no surprises to customers. Efficiency is brought about by looking for the best route to getting the best output with least amount of resources and costs i. e. he grills in McDonalds cook meat within seconds and one person needed to operate a grill at any time. This brings us to the notion of control and calculability, there is great reliability on technology rather than humans and emphasis is on quantity rather than quality. Clearly these two approaches to viewing organisations are sort of out-dated and can be detrimental to the progress of an organisation in this day and age. Hence organisations are requi red to be flexible and evolve and also be able to cope with today’s pressures. Organisational learning (OL) is the way forward and aims at making sure that organisations are well equipped for the ever changing market place. Weick and Roberts (1993) mentioned that OL consists of interrelating actions of individuals, which are their â€Å"heedful interrelation† which results in a â€Å"collective mind†. Organisational Learning as the ability of an organisation to gain insight and understanding from experience through experimentation, observation, analysis, and a willingness to examine both successes and failures. Heedful interrelating is made possible via contribution, representation, and subordination. Organisational learning can be done and have a finite outcome. Organisations need to work faster and adapt quickly if they are to survive the current and turbulent environmental changes. Argyrils and Schon identified different types of organisational learning single and double loop learning. Single loop learning is sometimes referred to the lowest level because it only responds to change by detecting errors and then modifying strategies. Double loop learning is an advanced form of single loop learning meaning that it questions if operating norms are appropriate whereas in single loop there is embededness of culture and learned habits become resistant to change and learning. In other words double loop learning is concerned with the why and how to change the organisation while single loop learning is concerned with accepting change without questioning the underlying assumptions and core beliefs. In today’s organisational world knowledge has become really important. It is contributing to high value products and services. The rate of learning has to be greater than the rate of change and learning is the responsibility for everyone in the organisation. Organisational learning links nicely with learning organisations, this type of organisation continuously transforms itself and its context. â€Å"A learning organization is an organisation skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behaviour to reflect new knowledge and insights. † (Garvin, 1993, p. 80. ) Fincham and Rhodes (2005) mentioned that knowledge management involves organisations developing practices and policies that reward, recognise and harness the storehouse of knowledge of its people continuously innovate and remain creative using brain power as a source of competitive advantage. With the latter in mind it is wise to judge that the old ways of analysing organisations notably the structural perspective hinders organisational learning in a number of ways. Taking McDonalds as the case study it is clear that employees are merely resources which are there for use to maximise profits. Deskilling of workers because of the monotonous and repetitive work which can lead to stress because of emotional labour. Boredom and disassociation with task will creep in leading to alienation and lack of commitment. More routine and rigorous structure limits a lot because it is not good in times of change. There is limited space for creativity, innovation and flexibility because of the fragmented problem solving approach and the disconnected roles and communication. Low level of commitment and loyalty has seen a high staff turnover at McDonalds. Organisations are made up of human beings not machines. Employee alienation and customer dehumanisation is not attractive in any organisation. Bureaucratic organisations will struggle to encourage organisational learning because of their hierarchical structure. Management seem to have all the decision-making powers and this might not sit comfortably with the rest of the employees as they are disempowered. This obviously leads to inefficient decision-making, slow response due to the chain of command and politics is rife. Several critics have noted that the learning organisation model implies that managers must become interested as never before in the process of learning, as well as the results. The central statement of the learning organisation is in two parts: (1) that a key success factor for any business in the age of global competition is its ability to innovate continuously, appropriately, and faster than its rivals, and (2) that can only happen through unleashing the untapped capabilities of all its employees. The learning organisation is definitely a new and significant paradigms shift from the traditional bureaucratic view because it emphasises process over structure and contains a number of components. These components include: a vision of better organisational life, a body management practice guidelines and a network of experts and advocates, a set of mental models regarding individual and social psychology, the sociology of organisations and change and finally a concern for values of wholeness (in preference to fragmentation) and respect for people (Wheatley, 1992). Cravens et al (1996) also noted that organisations need to shift away from the old structural perspective because of the new highly dynamic environments. Many corporations are reducing management layers and organisational bureaucracy in pursuit of rightsizing or the horizontal organisation, concurrent actions include re-engineering business processes followed by organisational redesign and greater use of multifunctional teams, central issues are obtaining precision, flexibility and speed in the execution of programmes and strategies. This shift has also seen the new approach develop powerful information systems and automated knowledge capture permit the empowerment of employees in the management of business processes, priorities are more customer satisfaction and retention through greater organisational responsiveness and competitive advantage for the reformed organisation comes from added-value, created through knowledge feedback and exploitation (Cravens et al, 1996). To be effective in the workplace, we must be better learners; we must become more open to alien ideas and more humble about our own limitations. Tools and techniques cannot be separated from the vision and the values of the learning organisation. (Kofman and Senge, 1995). The learning organization approach is not just about improving productivity and work satisfaction it is also about the fundamental ethics of the workplace and the marketplace. People’s needs have to be considered and should people not be seen as productivity factors; this holistic approach sure does improve conditions and output. A happy worker is a motivated worker. I only lasted six months at McDonalds and the reasons for that are outlined in the essay. References Argyris, C. (1993) On Organizational Learning. Oxford: Blackwell Business/Blackwell Publishers. Cravens, D. W. (1996) New organisational Forms for Competing in Highly Dynamic Environments: The Network Paradigm. British Journal of Management 7: p203-217 Drummond, H. (2000) Introduction to Organisational Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press Encyclopaedia of Small Business (2007) Organization Theory. Encyclopedia. com [Accessed on 12 Dec 2011] http://www. encyclopedia. com Fincham, R and Rhodes P. (2005) Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 4th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Garvin, David A. (1993) â€Å"Building a Learning Organization,† Harvard Business Review, July-Aug: p. 78-91. Kofman, F and Peter, S. (1995) Communities of Commitment: The Heart of Learning Organizations, in Learning Organizations. Sarita Chawla John Renesch, (eds. ), Portland, Productivity Press. Morgan, G. (1993) Imaginisation, London: Sage Ritzer, G. (2007) The McDonaldisation of Society, 5th ed. London: Pine Forge Press Senge, P. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation, New York: Doubleday. Senge P et al. (1994) The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, New York: Doubleday Taylor, F. W. (1911) The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper and Row. Wheatley, M. J. (1992) Leadership and the New Science. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. How to cite Organisational Analysis, Papers

Dyslexia free essay sample

Dyslexia is a broad terminology defining an unusual approach to processing information and learning disability that impairs a persons fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, processing speed, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, language skills/verbal comprehension, and/or rapid naming. However dyslexia can increase the ability to think and perceive multi-dimensionally and can help further utilize the brain’s ability to alter and create perceptions (Vellutino, 1979). Dyslexia is different from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction. It is believed that dyslexia can affect between 5 and 10 percent of a given population although there have been no studies to indicate an accurate percentage (Vellutino, 1979). There are three proposed cognitive subtypes of dyslexia (auditory, visual and attentional), although individual cases of dyslexia are better explained by specific underlying neuropsychological deficits and co-occurring learning disabilities (e. g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, math disability, etc. ) Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. Although it is considered to be a receptive language-based learning disability in the research literature, dyslexia also affects ones expressive language skills. Adult dyslexics can read with good comprehension, but they tend to read more slowly than non-dyslexics and perform more poorly at spelling and nonsense word reading, a measure of phonological awareness. Dyslexia and IQ are not interrelated as a result of cognition developing on its own. The World Federation of Neurology defines dyslexia as a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and sociocultural opportunity†. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke gives the following definition for dyslexia: â€Å"Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a persons ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with spelling, phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. In adults, dyslexia usually occurs after a brain injury or in the context of dementia. It can also be inherited in some families and recent studies have identified a number of genes that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia (Vellutino, 1979). Other published definitions are purely descriptive or embody causal theories. Varying definitions are used for dyslexia from researchers and organizations around the world; it appears that this disorder encompasses a number of reading skills, deficits and difficulties with a number of causes rather than a single condition (Smythe, Everatt amp;Salter). Signs and symptoms Some early symptoms that correlate with a later diagnosis of dyslexia include delays in speech, letter reversal or mirror writing, and being easily distracted by background noise. This pattern of early distractibility is partially explained by the co-occurrence of dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although each disorder occurs in approximately 5% of children, 25-40% of children with either dyslexia or ADHD meet criteria for the other disorder. At later ages symptoms can include a difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness), a difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make words, a difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems (see anomic aphasia), commonly very poor spelling, which has been called dysorthographia or dysgraphia (orthographic coding), whole-word guesses, and tendencies to omit or add letters or words when writing and reading are considered classic signs. Other classic signs for teenagers and adults with dyslexia include trouble with summarizing a story, memorizing, reading aloud, and learning a foreign language. A common misconception about dyslexia is that dyslexic readers write words backwards or move letters around when reading  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this only occurs in a very small population of dyslexic readers. Individuals with dyslexia are better identified by reading accuracy, fluency, and writing skills that do not seem to match their level of intelligence from prior observations (Smythe, Everatt amp; Salter, 2005). Cause Theories of dyslexia Research has been trying to find the biological root of dyslexia since it was first identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881 and the term dyslexia coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin. The theories of the etiology of dyslexia have and are evolving with each new generation of dyslexia researchers, and the more recent theories of dyslexia tend to enhance one or more of the older theories as understanding of the nature of dyslexia evolves. (wikipedia. org) Orthographies and dyslexia The complexity of a languages orthography (i. . its conventional spelling system, see orthographic depth  ) has a direct impact upon how difficult it is to learn to read that language. English has a comparatively deep orthography within the Latin alphabet writing system, with a complex orthographic structure that employs spelling patterns at several levels: principally, letter-sound correspondences, syllables, and morphemes. Other languages, such as Spanish, have mostly alphabetic orthogr aphies that employ letter-sound correspondences, so-called shallow orthographies. It is relatively easy to learn to read languages like Spanish; it is much more difficult to learn to read languages with more complex orthographies such as English (Henry, 2005). Logographic writing systems, notably Japanese and Chinese characters, have graphemes that are not linked directly to their pronunciation, which pose a different type of dyslexic difficulty. From a neurological perspective, different types of writing systems (e. g. lphabetic as compared to logographic writing systems) require different neurological pathways in order to read, write, and spell. Because different writing systems require different parts of the brain to process the visual notation of speech, children with reading problems in one language might not have a reading problem in a language with a different orthography. The neurological skills required to perform the tasks of reading, writing, and spelling can vary between different writing systems. As a result, different neurological deficits can cause dyslexic problems in relation to different orthographies (Chung, Ho, Chan, Tsang, amp; Lee, 2006). Cross-cultural prevalence Cross-cultural study of the prevalence of dyslexia is difficult as different scholars and different countries often use different criteria to distinguish the cases of dyslexia in the continuum between the able and delayed readers at schools. According to the existing literature, the prevalence of dyslexia can vary widely between cultures. For example, Christall reports differences between 1% and 33%. According to some researchers, despite the significant differences between the writing systems, Italian, German and English populations suffer similarly from dyslexia. Wikipedia . org Exacerbating conditions and comorbid disorders Several learning disabilities often occur with dyslexia, but it is unclear whether these learning disabilities share underlying neurological causes with dyslexia (Nicolson amp;Fewcett, 2009). These disabilities include: * Dysgraphia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a disorder which expresses itself primarily through writing or typing, although in some cases it may also affect eye–hand coordination, direction- or sequence-oriented processes such as tying knots or carrying out a repetitive task. In dyslexia, dysgraphia is often multifactorial, due to impaired letter writing automaticity, finger motor sequencing challenges, organizational and elaborative difficulties, and impaired visual word form which makes it more difficult to retrieve the visual picture of words required for spelling. Dysgraphia is distinct from dyspraxia in that dyspraxia is simply related to motor sequence impairment. * Attention deficit disorder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a high degree of co-morbidity has been reported between ADD/ADHD and dyslexia/reading disorders, it occurs in between 12% and 24% of those with dyslexia. [11] * Auditory processing disorder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A condition that affects the ability to process auditory information. Auditory processing disorder is a listening disability. [58] It can lead to problems with auditory memory and auditory sequencing. Many people with dyslexia have auditory processing problems and may develop their own logographic cues to compensate for this type of deficit. Auditory processing disorder is recognized as one of the major causes of dyslexia. * Developmental dyspraxia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A neurological condition characterized by a marked difficulty in carrying out routine tasks involving balance, fine-motor control, kinesthetic coordination, difficulty in the use of speech sounds, problems with short-term memory and organization are typical of dyspraxia. Neuroanatomy In the area of neurological research into dyslexia, modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have produced clear evidence of structural differences in the brains of children with reading difficulties. It has been found that people with dyslexia have a deficit in parts of the left hemisphere of the brain involved in reading, which includes the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and middle and ventral temporal cortex(Cao et. l. ,2006). Brain activation studies using PET to study language have produced a breakthrough in understanding of the neural basis of language over the past decade. A neural basis for the visual lexicon and for auditory verbal short-term memory components have been proposed, with some implication that the observed neural manifestation of developmental dyslexia is task-specific (i. e. , functional rather than structural) (McCrory, Frith, Brunswick amp; Price, 2009). Dealing with dyslexia depends on several factors. Such as the specific writing system of the country, or the specific strengths of the individual; there is no one specific strategy or set of strategies which will work for all who have dyslexia There have been several special education approaches to help students with dyslexia. Adaptive technology, such as specialized computer software, has resulted in recent innovations helpful to many people with dyslexia. In this field there are several alternate therapies that are suggested for dyslexics. One factor that characterizes the field of dyslexia remediation is the stream of alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities. These controversial treatments include nutritional supplements, special diets, homeopathy, and osteopathy/chiropractic manipulation. (Bull, 2008) | Most teaching is geared to remediating specific areas of weakness, such as addressing difficulties with phonetic decoding by providing phonics-based tutoring. Some teaching is geared to specific reading skill areas, such as phonetic decoding; whereas other approaches are more comprehensive in scope, combining techniques to address basic skills along with strategies to improve comprehension and literary appreciation. Many programs are multisensory in design, meaning that instruction includes visual, auditory, and kinesthetic or tactile elements; as it is generally believed that such forms of instruction are more effective for dyslexic learners. Despite claims of some programs to be research based, there is very little empirical or quantitative research supporting the use of any particular approach to reading instruction as compared to another when used with dyslexic children (Connor et al. 2007). Torgesen (2004) emphasized the importance of explicit instruction for remediation as well as the need for intensity that is completely different from regular classroom instruction. To make gains in reading, students need highly structured, sequential interactive activities and close monitoring, directly connecting the known with the new, with sufficient time for practice of new skills to build automaticity. . Dyslexia interventions Some teaching is geared to specific reading skill areas, such as phonetic decoding; whereas other approaches are more comprehensive in scope, combining techniques to address basic skills along with strategies to improve comprehension and literary appreciation. Many programs are multisensory in design, meaning that instruction includes visual, auditory, and kinesthetic or tactile elements; as it is generally believed that such forms of instruction are more effective for dyslexic learners (Henry, 1998). | In 2007 the researchers Joseph Torgesen and Richard Wagner have shown that, when teaching children with reading disabilities, programs including systematic and explicit instruction in phoneme awareness and grapheme-phoneme correspondence are far more successful than programs that do not(Wolf,2007). Academic remediations With appropriate instruction, dyslexics can become skilled readers. Appropriate remedial instruction includes using: * Direct, explicit and comprehensive instruction in the structure of language * A systematic sequence for teaching individual skills Structured information from the simple to the complex * Simultaneous multisensory approaches, including combinations of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modalities * Interaction between student and teacher during instruction of new skills * Reinforcement throughout the day of newly learned skills * Integrated spelling and handwriting instruction sequence with reading instruction, so that they are mutually reinforcing * Ex tended practice for each skill until the student overlearns the skill * Ongoing review of previously learned skills * Careful pacing to avoid information overload Intensive instruction until reading, spelling and writing skills are at grade level. * Repeated reading to help develop fluency and reading rate * Paired reading to help develop fluency and enhance comprehension (Heward, 2003). Classroom accommodations Although there are no treatments or quick cures for dyslexia there are many techniques that can be used to assist dyslexic students in the classroom while reading skills are being remediated. These include such things as: * Oral testing * Untimed tests * Eliminate or reduce spelling tests * Minimizing the need to read out loud * Accept dictated homework Reduce homework load * Grade on content, not spelling nor handwriting * Reduce copying tasks * Avoid or reduce essay tests * Providing teacher handouts to supplement the notes taken * Using materials that are not visually ove rcrowded * To increase motivation, giving assignments in areas in which the student has a strong interest, for example, sports stories, biographies of inventors or rock musicians, or fiction about teenage issues. * Using appropriate font type and size. It is suggested that Sassoon and Comic Sans may be the easiest to read; Times New Roman may be one of the most difficult to read. The font should not be too small. There are several fonts and typefaces designed for dyslexia including Gill Dyslexic, Read Regular, Lexia Readable, Sylexiad, OpenDyslexic, and Dyslexie. (Alphabet writing systems only)(wikipedia. org). Recent developments Context amp; phonetic spell checkers and grammar checkers combined with text-to-speech and other assistive technologies aimed for help with dyslexia, such as Ghotit Dyslexia software, aim to make writing easier (speedchange. blogspot. com). Individuals with dyslexia require more practice to master skills in their areas of deficit. In the circumstances where typically developing children need 30 to 60 hours training, the number of hours that has resulted in optimistic conclusions concerning the remediation of dyslexia is between 80 and 100 hours, or less if the intervention is started sufficiently early. Only approximately 20% of adults with early reading difficulties have acquired fluent reading skills in adulthood (Lyytinen et. al, 2007). Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown neurological changes in dyslexic children and adults who have used phonological interventions, with improved performance on tests of phonemic awareness and text decoding. MRI studies have also shown changes in the brain and spelling improvement of dyslexic children taught spelling phonetically in an orthographic manner (Dahms, 2006). A recent study has shown that the usage of a FM system drives neural plasticity in children with dyslexia. A FM system is a personal assistive listening device, consisting of a wireless microphone worn by the teacher, and a wireless receiver similar to a Bluetooth receiver worn on the ears by the pupil. Measurements of the brain’s response to speech sounds showed that the children who wore the device for one year responded more consistently to the very soft and rapidly changing elements of sounds that help distinguish one consonant from another (cat, bat, pat etc. ). That improved stability was linked with reading improvement based on standardized measures of readability – which, as a long-term benefit, points to brain plasticity (Hornickel, Zecker, Bradow amp; Kraus, 2012). 1. Bottom of Form REFERENCES 21 What Is Dyslexia? Education Research Foundation. Retrieved May, 2013 48 Henry, M K. 2005). The history and structure of the English language. Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 16 Chung KK, Ho CS, Chan DW, Tsang SM, Lee SH (2010). Cognitive profiles of Chinese adolescents with dyslexia. Dyslexia 16 (1): 2–23 54 Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ (2009). Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebel lum. Cortex 47 (1): 117–27. 79 Cao F, Bitan T, Chou TL, Burman DD, Booth JR ( 2006). Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation pattern. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 47 (10): 1041–50. 81 McCrory E, Frith U, Brunswick N, Price C (2000). Abnormal functional activation during a simple word repetition task: A PET study of adult dyslexics. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (5): 753–62. Bull L (2008). Survey of complementary and alternative therapies used by children with specific learning difficulties (dyslexia). Int J Lang Commun Disord 44 (2): 1. Connor, C. M. D. ; Morrison, F. J. ; Fishman, B. J. ; Schatschneider, C. ; Underwood, P. (2007). The early years: Algorithm-guided individualized reading instruction. Science 315 (5811): 464–5. Henry, M. K. (1998). Structured, sequential, multisensory teaching: the Orton legacy. Annals of Dyslexia 48: 3–26. 4 Wolf, Maryanne (2007). Proust and the Squid. HarperCollins publishers. 16 speedchange. blogspot. com/2008/02/ghotit. html 18 Lyytinen, Heikki, Erskine, Jane, Aro, Mikko, Richardson, Ulla (2007). Reading and reading disorders. Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. pp. 454–474. 21 Dahms, Joel. (2006). Spelling Out Dyslexia. Northwest Science amp; Technology Hornickel, J. , Zecker, S. G. , Bradlow, A. R. , amp; Kraus, N. (2012). Assistive listening devices drive neuroplasticity in children with dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(41), 16731-16736. Vellutino, F. R. (1979). Dyslexia: Theory and research (pp. 74-81). Cambridge, MA: MIT press. Smythe, I. , Everatt, J. , amp; Salter, R. (2005). The international book of dyslexia: A guide to practice and resources. Wiley. Torgesen, J. K. (2004). Preventing early reading failure. American Educator, 28(3), 6-9.

43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas From 1,000 Popular Posts

43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas From 1,000 Popular Posts So far,  the 16,312 people who rely on for their all-in-one marketing calendar have scheduled 4,302,684  blog posts. Thats a lot of blog headlines. And were data junkies. The result? We nerded out pretty hard core. It was time to analyze all of the blog posts  in our system  to understand what headline ideas perform the best on social media to not only help you write better headlines, but also help you get the most social shares for your hard work  when you schedule your  social media  right in . To top it off, it was high time you had access to this data right in your marketing calendar to help you write great headlines every time. So next time you log in to , check out your  all-new headline analyzer integration to help you choose the best headline for your blog posts to help you get the social attention and traffic your content deserves. Lets take a look at the 1,000 most popular headlines weve ever seen,  focusing on the structure of very shareable headline ideas. First, a tangent: There are many factors at play here that made these 1,000 blog posts successful. Were  they  long-form blog posts? Did influencers write them? How did the editors promote these posts? I could name off a bajillion questions about the quality of the content. So this  data analysis focuses  purely on the headlines themselves and not the context of the content behind them. That's why there are a few things to keep in mind: A significant majority of these blog posts received the bulk  of their social shares from Pinterest, meaning they had some awesome visual content embedded into their blog posts. Many of the blogs  are optimized to increase social shares using WordPress plugins and social media  buttons. Every blog's audience is different, and some audiences may be more likely to share than others. Also, some audiences prefer certain networks over others. This data is no indicator of pageviews or the ultimate goal of content marketing to convert any traffic into profitable customer action. But, it's worth mentioning that from this data sample, an average blog post received: 18,700 Facebook shares,  22,997 likes, and 7,810 comments 252 Tweets 621 LinkedIn shares 304,934 Pins So there  are definitely lessons to learn  since only two of  10 people who see your headlines actually click through to read your blog posts. 1. A significant majority of headlines are generic,  essentially only targeting a keyword. An overwhelming amount of headlines in this study were generic- meaning they didn't contain any value proposition or helpful information to connect with the readers' emotions. I've heard headlines like this called label headlines before, and they look something like this: Wedding Budgets While  generic headlines work, you could improve this headline even more to connect with an emotion that could generate even more social shares: How To Stretch Your Wedding Budget To Make It The Perfect Day It's not an exact science, but your audience gets a better feel for what they'll discover after clicking through to read your content while connecting to an emotional need to stretch a smaller budget. The data we used to build the headline analyzer suggests the latter example here should perform  better than the original for increasing social shares and clickthroughs. Make your #headlines appeal to emotion to get more clickthroughs.2. People share blog posts with numbers in blog headlines. About 11% of the blog posts in this study began with  numbers in the headlines. Some of these were list posts, some mentioned  completing tasks in a specific amount of time, and some included steps. There is something about data that draws people into these headlines- setting an expectation and promising a quick solution to a problem. Data from Conductor and cited through Backlinko suggests that headlines with numbers get 36% more clickthroughs than those without, and this new data seems to complement what Conductor found, suggesting that headlines with numbers get more shares than those without. But  Conductor data suggests that odd numbers tend to perform better.  Data from this study suggests the opposite. Of these popular headlines that contained numbers, 49 contained odd numbers while 58 of them contained even numbers. The most popular numbers used in headlines were: 15 and 20 tied for the  most popular 30 came in second place 10 took third place 5 came in fourth place 3 and 25 tied for fifth place 7, 16, and 50 tied for sixth place Think odd numbers perform best in #headlines? Think again [new research].3. List posts are the most popular structured headline that people share. Those numbers you just read about? Most of them were part of list posts. Yep, they still work. 4. How to headlines still work. It was surprising to find only 4% of the headlines in this sample contained how to  in them. But even with just a small amount, these still performed super well among the larger group. 5. Include header images to  drive tons of shares through Pinterest. While you might have the greatest headline and content in the world, it won't drive shares on Pinterest unless you complement  your blog post with awesome visuals. The average blog post from this study received more than 300,000 Pins on Pinterest because they included visual content. Even if they contained a generic headline,  these blog posts had to have awesome visuals to drive those shares. 6. Focus on self-reliance, ease, and time-savings. DIY appeared in 5% of the headlines. That's even more than how to! A  similar  percent  contained the word minute, taking an idea and letting the reader know how easy using the information from the blog post would be: $5 + 30 Minute Wooden Growth Chart Some of the blog  headlines also focused on helping readers do something with the tools they already had, without the need to buy anything new.  Overall, it seems that in no matter what industry- or even business-to-business or business-to-consumer- there is a common need to save time and money. 7. Question headlines  are under-used. Only two headlines in this study used questions to inspire curiosity. That runs contrary to other data we've analyzed that shows that question headlines are one of the top-performing types of headlines. Essentially, this means there is some opportunity for you to use question headlines to stand out from your competition. Recommended Reading from Neil Patel: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value When we started analyzing our Twitter data to help us improve every tweet we send, we found that open-ended questions tend to  get more clickthroughs than other headline ideas. Sometimes, that disparity hit as much as 32%! So appeal to the fear of missing out in your social messages by sharing headlines like... Does Your SEO Content Strategy Focus On Buying Intent? Get Customers, Not Just Traffic. ...to  encourage more clickthroughs to your content. What would happen if you used questions as your #headlines?8. New types of blog posts may have an opportunity to stand out. A few of the blog posts had unusual headlines that nearly focus on the absurd to inspire clickthroughs and social shares: 135 Easy Elf on the Shelf Ideas That is a ridiculously high number, meaning folks looking for that information probably only need a single source to answer all of their questions on the topic. Those examples made me think of the best types of blog posts that help you grow traffic. When Aman Thakur explored the topic, he found: Long list posts get more backlinks. There were several  posts in this study that hit large numbers like 99, 100, 101, 135, and even 173 that really stood out from the others. Research-backed, data-driven posts get more traffic. Only a small amount  of the headlines included percentages or growth numbers. Personal success stories can  turn traffic into profit. Another small number of blog posts told very personal stories- some of them almost satirical. New method posts can coin new terms and change the industry.  Only very few of the blog posts in this study coined new terms for their processes, but when done, they were done well. Infographic  posts  get more shares.  Again, tons of these blog posts performed really well on Pinterest, so this seems like very good advice. Expert advice posts help you steal their audience. Some of the  headlines  in this study mentioned influencers' names to either take their idea  and build on it, or as an actual interview with the influencer. Takeaway: These ideas are data-backed, proven to increase your traffic. Yet it looks like these are new wave types of blog posts  that not many have explored yet. That means there is ample opportunity for you to use these headline ideas to stand out. 9. Some words make for very shareable headlines. Nearly 5% of all the headlines in this sample contained the word easy, another 4% used you, and 2% contained best. It looks like it works to focus on providing the best possible information to use as easily as possible all while targeting your audience directly in second-person narrative. Don't be afraid to test lesser-used adjectives to inspire some interest in your  blog posts: Stop Searching For A Magical Exercise Routine Pulling information from previous research, check out this  huge list of 500+ emotional words that will help you write better headlines with some uniquely powerful words. 10. There is opportunity to improve headlines to be more emotional. The average score of these posts is a 32 with the  headline analyzer, getting a C- grade. Woops. That's why even when you're publishing  really great content, we decided to help you  write better headlines by integrating that headline analyzer directly into so  you can see your score, write a few more headlines to publish every blog post with a  more emotional headline, and even get inspiration for sharing alternative headlines on your social networks. You can get started with the free headline analyzer now, and when you want to plan awesome content, just know it's waiting for you in your marketing calendar right in . ;) The Key To 43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas One of the things that's most useful with this data  is checking out the structure of successful blog headlines to give you new headline ideas. Consider this a way to find new angles for your blog posts and get a bit of inspiration from headlines that have already performed extremely well. This is going to feel like a lesson of filling in the blanks. Here's what you need to know as you get started with your headline ideas: [Brackets]: Anything in brackets is where you'll enter your own words to take a successful headline idea and make it your own. #:  Enter a number. Adjective/superlative adjective: Write in a word that describes your noun. Noun:  In most cases, think of this as your keyword for the blog post. Verb: Think of your headline like a call to action- tell your readers exactly what they should do. Adverb: Coupled with your verb, make it sound super easy to do what you're telling them to do. Audience: Think about your target audience and words they'd relate to, and literally call them out in your headlines. Present/past participle: Think of a verb in motion. Alright, some of that  might sound scary to those of you  who didn't pay attention in grammar class (you know who you are). And that's just fine. Follow the headline idea examples and you'll do great! Make it sound so easy it's silly  not to read your blog post. 1: Easy [Adjective] [Noun] (Our Favorite [Noun]) Easy Pull Apart Pizza Bread (Our Favorite Recipe) 2: [#]-[Noun] Easy  [Noun] 5-Ingredient Easy White Chicken Chili 3: [#] [Adjective]  And [Adjective]  DIY  [Noun] 60 Cute and Easy DIY Gifts in a Jar | Christmas Gift Ideas Position your blog post as an ultimate guide. 4: [#] [Adjective] Ideas For Every [Noun] 50 Organizing Ideas For Every Room in Your House Instigate  interaction and engagement. 5: Find Your [Noun]  With Our [Noun] Quiz #15daystoDDG : Find your muse with our Style Stalker quiz (day 4) Appeal to your readers' emotion to save money. 6: [Verb] These [#] [Noun] For [Adjective] [Noun]! Contact These 173 Manufacturers for High Value Coupons! 7: [#] Free [Noun] 20 Free Handwriting Fonts Help your readers save time. 8: [#]-Minute [Adjective] [Noun] 8-Minute No Crunch Ab Burner 9: $[#] + [#]-Minute [Adjective] [Noun] $5 + 30 Minute Wooden Growth Chart Intrigue your readers with a mystery. 10: [#] Tips For [Audience] (Number [#] Is A Game Changer) 45 Tips For Men (Number 40 is a Game Changer) Call out your audience directly. 11: [Audience]: You'll Thank Me Later (And For The Rest Of My Life) Coffee And Tea Lovers: You'll Thank Me Later (And For The Rest Of My Life) Write a truly unique headline to capture  interest. 12: [Noun] (Inspired By [Noun]) Bare Necessities Fresh Fruit Pops (Inspired by Disney's The Jungle Book) 13: [#] Unspoken [Noun] Rules Every [Audience] Should Know 27 Unspoken Suit Rules Every Man Should Know 14: A [Noun] Of [Noun]- [#] [Noun] Ideas A Hodge Podge of Mod Podge- 10 Mod Podge Ideas Share your value proposition. 15: [#] Ways [Noun] Will Improve Your Life 9 Ways Apple Cider Vinegar Will Improve Your Life 16: [#] [Noun]  Hacks You Won't Want To Forget 25 Sewing Hacks You Won't Want to Forget Focus on a very specific use case. 17: [#] [Adjective] [Noun] To Try On Your Next [Noun] 18 Mouthwatering Breakfast Recipes to Try On Your Next Camping Trip 18: [#] Things To Do With [Noun] 27 Things to Do With Cake Mix Show your readers how to do something better than ever. 19: How To [Verb] A [Noun] With [Noun] How To Clean A Microwave With Vinegar And Steam! 20: How To [Verb] [Noun] With A [Noun] How To Clean Grout With A Homemade Grout Cleaner 21: How To Make A [Adjective] [Noun] The Easy Way How To Make a Large Monogram Cutout The Easy Way 22: How To [Verb] Your [Noun] (In [#] Mostly Easy Steps) How To Stage Manage Your Wedding (In Six Mostly Easy Steps) Stand out with large list posts. 23: My [#] Best [Noun] My 101 Best Disney World Tips 24: [#] Things You Might Be Thankful For About Your [Noun] 99 Things You Might be Thankful for about Your Husband 25: [#] Easy [Noun] Ideas 135 Easy Elf on the Shelf Ideas This is #TheBestEver. 26: The Best Ever [Adjective] [Noun] Solution For [Noun] The Best EVER Homemade Carpet Cleaning Solution for Machines Entertain your readers. 27: The [#] [Superlative Adjective] [Noun] Of All Time The 50 Funniest Tumblr Posts Of All Time 28: [#] Of The [Superlative Adjective] [Noun] We've Ever Seen 99 Of The Funniest Pinterest Pictures We've Ever Seen Be honest, and tell your own story. 29: [#] Things I Wish I Knew About [Noun] 20 Things I Wish I Knew About Photography Posing 30: How I [Verb] [Noun] For The Week how i prep food for the week 31: I Am Always Sure About [Noun] I Am Always Sure About What I Don't Want Shock your readers with something unexpected. 32: [#]  Reasons To [Verb] [Noun] Daily 16 Reasons to Have Sex Daily 33: What's That [Noun]? DIY [Noun] For The [Noun] What's that smell? - DIY Poo Fragrance Spray for the Bathroom Go against the grain. 34: Forget The [Noun], Try This [Noun] Forget The Chocolate Bunny, Try These Easter Sweets 35: Stop Searching For A [Adjective] [Noun] Stop Searching For A Magical Exercise Routine Share case studies of past success. 36: Welcome To [Noun]: [Noun] [Verb]  [Noun] With Next To Nothing Welcome To "Bestie Row": Lifelong Friends Build Row Of Tiny Houses In The Middle Of Nowhere. Be inspirational. 37: When You Feel [Past Participle] when you feel shaken. 38: [#] Ways To [Verb] [Adverb] 5 Ways to Fail Gracefully Why not rant a bit- or go to the extreme? 39: Dear [Audience]: You're Not [Present Participle] Dear Teachers: You're Not Fooling Me 40: The Subtle Art Of Not [Present Participle] The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*** Note: The original headline spelled out that expletive, definitely catching an unsuspecting audience off guard. Expect a few (OK, a ton of) four-letter curse words if  you click through. Blog post series still work. 41: [#] Days To Great [Noun] [Series #]: [#] Ways To [Verb] With Your [Noun] 29 Days to Great Sex Day 10: 16 Ways to Flirt with Your Husband Build on your previous success. 42: [#]+ More [Adjective] [Noun] Ideas 16+ More Creative Garden Container Ideas 43: [#] Things I Wish I Knew About [Noun] 20 Things I Wish I Knew About Photographing in Manual Mode Note: This one is awfully similar to #29, isn't it? The same blogger saw the success from her first headline structure like this and repeated it. The result? The second post was also super successful at capturing  social shares. Find what works for your audience and repeat your success. Bonus! A Few Of 's Most Popular, Super Cool, Non-Lame Headline Ideas has a top posts feature built into it to help you review what's popular. Here's a glimpse of the most-shared headlines on the blog: Now It's Your Turn To Rock These Headline Ideas I recommend taking some advice from Upworthy as you get started with these headline ideas: Write 25 headlines for every blog post. Not only can you use all of the data and examples from this post for inspiration, that practice will help you write better headlines every time- and consistently. When I started writing at least 25 headlines for every post, our traffic started taking off slowly but surely. We were able to reuse some of the best headlines in our social messages and email A/B tests. I'm telling you that this works- and that's one of the reasons we built the headline analyzer right into to help you get the most out of every blog post you publish. Good luck, and tell me all about your headline journey! I'd love to hear more about your headline ideas.

Monte Alban - Capital City of the Zapotec Civilization

Monte Alban - Capital City of the Zapotec Civilization Monte Albn is the name of the ruins of an ancient capital city, located in a strange place: on the summit and shoulders of a very high, very steep hill in the middle of the semiarid valley of Oaxaca, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One of the most well-studied archaeological sites in the Americas, Monte Alban was the capital of the Zapotec culture from 500 B.C.E. to 700 C.E., reaching a peak population of over 16,500 between 300–500 C.E. The Zapotecs were maize farmers, and made distinctive pottery vessels; they traded with other civilizations in Mesoamerica including Teotihuacan and the Mixtec culture, and perhaps the classic period Maya civilization. They had a market system, for the distribution of goods into the cities, and like many Mesoamerican civilizations, built ball courts for playing ritual games with rubber balls. Chronology 900–1300 C.E. (Epiclassic/Early Postclassic, Monte Albn IV), Monte Alban collapses about 900 C.E., Oaxaca Valley with a more dispersed settlement500–900 C.E. (Late Classic, Monte Albn IIIB), slow decline of Monte Alban, as it and other cities are established as independent city-states, influx of Mixtec groups into the valley250–500 C.E. (Early Classic period, Monte Albn IIIA), Golden Age of Monte Alban, architecture in the main plaza formalized; Oaxaca barrio established at Teotihuacan150 B.C.E.–250 C.E. (Terminal Formative, Monte Albn II), unrest in the valley, rise of the Zapotec state with the center at Monte Albn, city covered about 416 hectares (1,027 acres), with a population of 14,500500–150 B.C.E. (Late Formative, Monte Alban I), Oaxaca valley integrated as a single political entity, city increased to 442 ha (1,092 ac), and population of 17,000, well beyond its ability to feed itself500 B.C.E. (Middle Formative), Monte Alban founded by param ount rulers from San Jose Mogote and others in the Etla valley, site covers about 324 ha (800 ac), population of about 5,000 people The earliest city associated with the Zapotec culture was San Josà © Mogotà ©, in the Etla arm of the Oaxaca Valley and founded about 1600-1400 B.C.E. Archaeological evidence suggests that conflicts arose in San Josà © Mogotà © and other communities in the Etla valley, and that city was abandoned about 500 B.C.E., at the same time that Monte Albn was founded. Founding Monte Alban The Zapotecs built their new capital city in a strange place, probably partly as a defensive move resulting from unrest in the valley. The location in the valley of Oaxaca is on the top of a tall mountain far above and in the middle of three populous valley arms. Monte Alban was far from the nearest water, 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) away and 400 meters (1,300 feet) above, as well as any agricultural fields that would have supported it. Chances are that Monte Albans residential population was not permanently located here.   A city located so far away from the major population it serves is called a disembedded capital, and Monte Albn is one of very few disembedded capitals known in the ancient world. The reason the founders of San Jose moved their city to the top of the hill may have included defense, but perhaps also a bit of public relations- its structures can be seen in many places from the valley arms. Rise and Fall Monte Albans golden age corresponds with the Maya Classic period, when the city grew,  and maintained trade and political relationships with many regional and coastal territories. Expansionist trade relationships included Teotihuacan, where people born in the Oaxaca valley took up residence in a neighborhood, one of several ethnic barrios in that city. Zapotec cultural influences have been noted in Early Classic Puebla sites east of modern-day Mexico City and as far as the gulf coast state of Veracruz, although direct evidence for Oaxacan people living in those locations has not as yet been identified. The power centralization at Monte Alban decreased during the Classic period when an influx of Mixtec populations arrived. Several regional centers such as Lambityeco, Jalieza, Mitla, and Dainzà º-Macuilxà ³chitl rose to become independent city-states by the Late Classic/Early Postclassic periods. None of these matched Monte Albans size at its height. Monumental Architecture at Monte Alban The site of Monte Albn has several memorable extant architectural features, including pyramids, thousands of agricultural terraces, and long deep stone staircases. Also still to be seen today are Los Danzantes, over 300 stone slabs carved between 350–200 B.C.E., featuring life-sized figures which appear to be portraits of slain war captives. Building J, interpreted by some scholars as an astronomical observatory, is a very odd structure indeed, with no right angles on the exterior building- its shape may have been intended to represent an arrowpoint- and a maze of narrow tunnels in the interior. Monte Albns Excavators and Visitors Excavations at Monte Albn have been conducted by Mexican archaeologists Jorge Acosta, Alfonso Caso, and Ignacio Bernal, supplemented by surveys of the Valley of Oaxaca by US archaeologists Kent Flannery, Richard Blanton, Stephen Kowalewski, Gary Feinman, Laura Finsten, and Linda Nicholas. Recent studies include bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal materials, as well as an emphasis on the collapse of Monte Alban and the Late Classic reorganization of the Oaxaca Valley into independent city-states. Today the site awes visitors, with its enormous rectangular plaza with pyramid platforms on the east and west sides. Massive pyramid structures mark the north and south sides of the plaza, and the mysterious Building J lies near its center. Monte Alban was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.   Sources: Cucina A, Edgar H, and Ragsdale C. 2017. Oaxaca and its neighbors in Prehispanic times: Population movements from the perspective of dental morphological traits. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:751-758. ï » ¿Faulseit RK. 2012. State collapse and household resilience in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 23(4):401-425. Feinman G, and Nicholas LM. 2015. After Monte Alban in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca: A reassessment. In: Faulseit RK, editor. Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale: Southern Illinios University Press. p 43-69. Higelin Ponce de Leà ³n R, and Hepp GD. 2017. Talking with the dead from southern Mexico: Tracing bioarchaeological foundations and new perspectives in Oaxaca. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:697-702. Redmond EM, and Spencer CS. 2012. Chiefdoms at the threshold: The competitive origins of the primary state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(1):22-37.

Writing project Part 1 (Memo) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing project Part 1 (Memo) - Essay Example Currently†©I†©am†©a†©student†©in†©_____(your major or subject on the blank) and the topic that I am discussing is not only relevant to me but to all students regardless of the course they are taking because we all eat in our cafeterias. This issue had been around for quite some time already and there seems no action done to correct the situation. Raising the issue even through an academic paper will help raise awareness on the issue and hopefully, the kind of food we eat in our cafeteria will improve. I attached the source of Ann Cooper’s talk in Ted for the whole speech to be appreciated as well as related literature and a documentary that will provide more depth about Ann Cooper’s assertion. The related literature is about an article about Michael Pollan’s â€Å"Omnivore Dilemma† where it explained how our source of our food is becoming a factory and is no longer grown the way it used to be. Worst, industrial farm factory and the use of GMOs are even packaged to be a better food source than organic farming. This is supplemented by the documentary film of â€Å"Food Inc† where it provided a vivid display of the transformation of our food from naturally grown to factorization courtesy of big

Scholarship for Young Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For Young Entrepreneur - Scholarship Essay Example ion called Pausa-GmbH as an internee, where I was responsible for cash and inventory management; along with these responsibilities, I also took active part in the strategic planning function of the organization. This experience further enhanced my abilities as a proficient manager and helped me developing my own business. I am a person with skills and talents, which I try polishing rather than wasting. Therefore, I keep myself busy working on different tasks and gaining experience, with the help of my multitasking ability. I joined JU Rosenheim, a political party and worked there as a recruiter. My major responsibility was to convince people to join the party and, as a result, I developed strong communication and convincing skills, which could definitely help me as an entrepreneur. In addition, I am active in physical activities and served as football coach at SpVgg-Unterhaching. Keeping in view that I am an active participant in various entrepreneurial activities, I believe, that I ideally qualify for the scholarship; however, my grim financial position will make it difficult for me to continue my educational journey. As I am an established entrepreneur, I hereby, apply for young entrepreneur scholarship. I hope that management of the institute will consider my request. I will be very grateful for this kind

Marketing Factors In Pepsi Cola Organisation

Marketing Factors In Pepsi Cola Organisation Company Background Pepsi Co is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods, and beverages, with revenues of $60 billion and over 285,000 employees. PepsiCo owns some of the worlds most popular brands, including Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Lays, Doritos, Tropicana, Gatorade, and Quaker. Our brands are available worldwide through a variety of go-to-market systems, including direct store delivery (DSD), broker-warehouse, and food service and vending. PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with the Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. Divisions Report operations results as follows, by six segments: PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB) Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) Latin America Foods (LAF) Europe Asia, Middle East Africa (Investors/Corporate-Profile.html, 2010) I have selected the carbonated drinks industry for this report and discuss relative to the Pepsi under their industry conditions. International Business of Carbonated Drinks Industry Carbonated Drinks Market is growing High profitability and lack of barriers to entry led to the emergence of many new players in the market of carbonated drinks. Competition in the market is increasing and as a result profitability has been decreased by 15% in 2 years in the UK market. Company held the strategic analysis and decided to begin expansion to the new market. Companies are doing marketing researches in all geographical locations and try to find better new market for entry. Despite the presence of several competitors in the market the companies having chance to enter in to new locations and try to find grab predominant market share. The drinks market is attractive for the Pepsi Company because of its lowly competitive and having huge target audience throughout the UK. Company hopes to built there strong brand that will defend chosen market from penetration of new players and give the company profits at the higher level. The companys strategy involves building a strong distribution network in small satellite c ities in addition to the urban areas. Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization Unsuitable for drinking and cooking water supplied from municipal central supply system greats a high demand for pure drinking water purified populations. This situation is general for the whole country and its solution requires great financial cost. According to the current economic situation in the country the current situation is unlikely to be rectified in the next 10 years. The marker of pure drinking water is very big. Every resident should to consume every day about 2 liters of water, so the company considers a promising development of its activities in this market in the next 10 years. Therefore people trust the pureness of bottled carbonated drinks and avoid the bad effects of them. Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water / Carbonated Drinks in bottles from 1 may 2010 Carbonated drinks in bottles are substitute of water sold in the consumer packaging. Despite of its high price it has a raw of advantages such as Accessibility in every grocery in a city and Presented by famous brands. This drinks came directly as a response to public demand for pure drinking water and during that time became very popular in spite of price that 2-4 times higher than for drinking water sold in the consumer packaging. The introduction of the rule of this law will lead to the transition of customers to the consumption of water sold in the consumer packaging and persuade people to drink carbonated drinks due to the cost advantage. Improvement of technologies of individual water purification system and reducing of their cost This substitute is very popular in the market. Advantage of individual water purification systems is a possibility of their using directly at a consumer home by using water from the municipal central supply system. Cost of purification of 1 liter of water with the use such system is approximately equal of price of drinks sold in the customer packaging. However such systems have a number of weaknesses. Cheap models that cost about 10 USD purify water with a middle quality that significantly inferior to the quality of water purified by professional systems. It can be also dangerous for health to use such systems because delays in the replacement of filters can cause the user to use water with bacteria and viruses. Expensive individual purification water systems that give higher water quality comparable in quality with given by professional systems have high initial cost about 100-300 USD, that for considerable cost of UK populations in a monthly income. Also they dont purify water from bacteria and viruses. However cheap individual purification water systems are becoming more popular in the market. Companies should to develop response strategy for these substitutes. Because of all above factors the carbonated drinks market is still growing with huge industrial rivalry. The international business environment 2.1 Micro / Macro factors affecting to Pepsi in Globally SWOT Analysis Strengths S1 Experience in developing distribution chain in the industry S2 Experience in conducting promotion in the industry S3 Company provides strong control of servicing customers S4 Competitive and flexible pricing S5 High quality of water which is ideal for food that confirmed by certificates Weaknesses W1 Lack of natural drinks in the range of the company and specialized in carbonated drinks. W2 Company doesnt have service of delivering drinks to customers home W3 Difficulties in branding in the industry to heavy competition and should maintain promotions daily Opportunities O1 Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water in bottles from 1 may 2010 O2 Low prices for the rental of retail space and down wages, that allow company to cut cost O3 The market has a big potential of growth and now it is completed just for 30% O5 There is low competition in the chosen market O6 Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization O7 Growing concern of the population about their health O8 Development of vending technologies for selling pure drinking water O9 Severe pollution of water resources in the region Our strength S4 and S5 will help us to grab opportunity O1 and take some customers from segments of water in the bottles Our strengths S1 with opportunity O2, O3, O8 will help us to develop distribution chain in the city very quickly Our strengths S2, S3, S4, S5 with opportunities O3, O5, O6, O7, O9 would contribute to great sales of the company in the chosen market Weaknesses W1, W2 prevents us to fully utilize opportunities O3, O5, O6 Treats T1 Improvement of technologies of an individual water purification systems and reducing of their cost T2 The absent of barriers in the industry and low initiate investments attract new players T3 Expected growth prices by 10% for water from the municipal central water supply system that used by company for purification drinking water Our strengths S1 , S2 and S4, S5 will help us to minimize impact on the market The treat T1 Our strengths S1, S3, S4 will help us to minimize chances of new entrances to the market Opportunity O2 will eliminates treat T4 Weakness W2 with treat T1 can cut share of the industry in the market of pure drinking water. We need to develop promotion program that will stimulate population to use just quality water purred by professional systems Weakness W1 with treat T3 great opportunity for other companies to entry the market with offer of natural drinking water sold in the customer packaging and grab segment of the market. So company should initiate project of sales natural drinking water from own distribution chain for the segment of the market that want to drink just natural water 2.2 PESTEL Variable Factors Political and Legal Growth by 15 times the tax on the production of drinking water in bottles from 1 may 2010 Total corruption in the controlling state bodies Bad condition of the water from the municipal central water supply system and lack of prospects for their repair and modernization Economic Low prices for the rental of retail space caused by economic recession in 2009 Down wages, high level of unemployment Expected growth prices by 10% for water from the municipal central water supply system that used by company for purification drinking water Reduction in purchasing power of the population Socio-cultural Growing concern of the population about their health Negative attitude of population toward quality of water from municipal central water supply system Technological Improvement of technologies of an individual water purification systems and reducing of their cost Development of vending technologies for selling pure drinking water Ecological Severe pollution of water resources in all around the world 2.3 Porters 5 Forces Analysis Buyer Power is moderate: Bottling companies and retailers constitute the main buyers in the carbonated soft drinks market. The latter represents the most significant force yet despite their large size and concentration, it is the public that drives the market (heavy marketing campaigns and brand consciousness are a warrantee that popular products must be stocked, reducing the power of buyers). Although Pepsi does not do any bottling, the company owns about 36% of Pepsi Enterprises which is the largest Pepsi bottler in the world (Murray, 2006a). Since Pepsi owns the majority of the bottler, that particular supplier does not hold much bargaining power. Suppliers Power is moderate: Pepsi is dependent on suppliers for various ingredients and vulnerable to certain commodities price fluctuations. However, the availability of substitutes reduces their power. N.B: the advertising and marketing agencies represent key suppliers (very concentrated) but their power is moderate. New Entrants threat is weak: they face important barriers such as strong brand loyalty and substantial fixed costs. The nature of the market also demands an intensive marketing campaign in order to create and maintain a successful brand awareness and image. The difficulty in dislodging the main players of the market is linked to the importance of economy of scale which inevitably benefits current mass manufacturers. Substitutes threat is moderate: there are various substitutes such as alcoholic beverages, tea, coffee and non-carbonated soft drinks. But the diversity of public demand ensures that a wide range of products offered by Pepsi will be stocked by retailers. For many consumers, such products represent alternatives and not substitutes. Industry competition is a moderate force: with only a limited number of players, competition is lessened as each established competitor secures an important segment of the market thanks to strong branding and product differentiation. Coca Cola and Pepsi Co dominate the industry with strong brand names and great distribution channels. Forces Factors Threat of substitutes The individual water purification systems. The cost of water with the use of the individual water purification systems is approximately equal to the cost of water sold in the customer packaging. Cost of cheap purification systems sold at the supermarkets is low (about 10 USD), so its the easiest way for customer to have pure water directly at home. Drinking water in bottles. This water is available in any store in the city. Its price higher by 3-4 times than drinking water sold in the customer packaging. Small part of customers uses this water every day for drinking and cooking. Some companies specialize in supplying the offices of drinking pure water in bottles. This market is strong competitive. Threats of new enters Licences or any other special permission arent needed to entry the market. Initial investment to start business in this market is about 20  000 USD, so it is some easy to entry in the market. It is easy to organize distribution chain by setting up chain of outlets in a chosen area. It is low chances for new outlets to be opened near existing one, because owners understand that there much area is free in the market and strong competition will kill profits. Density of rivalry Industry is growing by 20-30% every year In the chosen market competition is low, existing sellers are getting super profits Brands arent developed at all. The companies havent differentiated their products in the minds of buyers because of low competition and havent provide any marketing events The market has a big potential of growth and now it is completed just for 30% The most important competitive advantage is a dense distribution chain Bargaining power of buyers Buyers are individual and amount of purchase is small, so buyers dont have significantly impact on prices. Buyers can easy switch on substitute products or on purchasing water from a competitor outlet if it is available in the nearest area. Product cost isnt significant for buyers, so their sensitivity to price isnt very big Buyers are sensitive to quality of product and to information about it Bargain of suppliers Producer of drinking pure water distribute it by own distribution chains and use water for purification from municipal water supply system International strategies of the company Strategies As for the growth strategy, I choose the Product Development strategy because decided to create a new product for existing customers and because it is a medium risk strategy. And for the competitive strategy, I choose the differentiation strategy because Pepsi is a very innovative company, the unique selling point being having a great Energy drink with the amazing taste of Coke Zero. It is costly but Coca is a multinational company and the leader in its market. STP Segmentation criteria: Market Size: UK, Males, Age: 15-35, Wage: , Students, Professionals, Sports People, Urban people. Targeting criteria: Influence, Strategic Fit, Disposable Income, and Reachable, likely to buy. Targets: Professionals and Sports People. Positioning: Sporty, Cool, Young, Adventure, Personality, Unique. Tactics Product Core Product: NRJ Coke Zero, satisfy the need of thirst and vitamins Second Product: (first added value): taste, design, quality, brand, innovation, Third: After sales, cool personality, differentiation, Why innovation: Rationale for my product development: Stay competitive in the energy drinks market Retain market share Trends NPD (New Product Development) Idea Generation and screening Business Analysis Market Testing Commercialise Price Price Elasticity: Perfect Elasticity: Intermediate pricing Place / Distribution Channels Indirect distribution because it allows more market reach, maximum availability of products, minimum costs of ownership and infrastructure. As a matter of fact, the targeted segments are very large (FMCG product). Unfortunately, there are some disadvantages such as the brand is diluted: the competitors can have a stronger power on retailers which might lead to less availability or lack of presentation and merchandising. Also commissions: The power of retailers may have adverse impacts on the companys margins and profits. Intensity of Distribution: Intensive Distribution: Prelaunch exclusive then intensive starting from the introduction stage. Integration of Distribution: Backward Vertical Integration: B2B: Upstream relationship (with suppliers: contracts, acquisition of suppliers and bottlers, mergers, joint ventures, strategic alliances). Forward Vertical Integration: B2B with retailers: Downstream. B2C: CRM, Mass Media, Loyalty cards, research. Pepsi collects information from the retailers, Promotion / Communication: Objectives: D Æ’Â   Differentiate 40% R Æ’Â   Reinforce the message 0% I Æ’Â   Inform 40% P Æ’Â   Persuade (call to action) 20% In the introduction stage, my main objectives are to inform and differentiate. Then develop a COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: PUSH: Pepsi Æ’Â   Retailer ( trade magazines, promotion, incentives) (25%) PULL: Pepsi Æ’Â   Customer ( TV advertising..) (25%) PROFILE: Pepsi Æ’Â   Retailers and Customers ( brand image, sponsor events, celebrity endorsement). (50%) because main CSF is strong brand image Develop Brand: Umbrella branding: NRJ Pepsi Zero Promotional Mix ABOVE THE LINE ( Mass reach, not customised) TV teaser, TV adverts, Radio, Press, Billboards BELOW THE LINE (Customised) Direct Marketing, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion THROUGH THE LINE (Cinema, fashion magazine, event sponsor,) Sponsorship Samples Exhibitions PR/ Publicity 2012 London Olympic Games 04. Effectiveness of the companys international strategies 4.1 Value Chain Analysis In Bound Logistics: Some of Pepsis most notable suppliers include Spherion, Jones Lang LaSalle, IBM, Ogilvy and Mather, IMI Cornelius, and Prudential. These companies provide Pepsi with materials such as ingredients, packaging and machinery. In order to ensure that these materials are in satisfactory condition, Pepsi -cola has put certain standards in place which these suppliers must adhere to (The Supplier Guiding Principles). These include: compliance with laws and standards, laws and regulations, freedom of association and collective bargaining, forced and child labor, abuse of labor, discrimination, wages and benefits, work hours and overtime, health and safety, environment, and demonstration of compliance (Pepsi Cola 2006). Process: Pepsi purchases its own ingredients through use of future contracts (to avoid market volatility) and produces its concentrate from its own facilities. Once this is done, these companies send their concentrate out to bottlers upon approval of contract for bottling company. Outbound Logistics: Once the bottling company receives the shipment of concentration, it is diluted to the correct concentration by adding the correct amount of carbonated water, and sugar, and bottled for sale. This is done for two reasons. One reason is so that Pepsi can maintain its exact mix of ingredients as a well-kept secret, and not let the bottling companies know what exactly goes into its product. This affects the image of the product, and preserves it as something of higher value, and actually applies a sense of prestige to the Pepsi products that are kept such excellent secrets. Pepsi operates by sending concentrate to bottlers, who then take the necessary actions, and ship out its products to consumers and vendors. Automation in technology in cash registers allows Pepsi and the bottling companies who bottle and ship the contents of each bottle to know exactly how much of their product the merchant is carrying. This allows for a quick delivery of more products for the merchant to sell in a nice and timely procedure. (Source: article VCA) JDA Software Group has announced that Pepsi Bottling Co. Consolidated, with 6,000 employees and $1.4 billion in annual revenue, has upgraded its JDA Software supply chain management solutions to Version 7.4, including JDA ® Demand, JDA ® Fulfillment and JDA ® Transportation Planning, all powered by Manugistics ®. Pepsi Consolidated expects to further improve forecast accuracy, customer service levels, order fill rates and on-time deliveries with the support of JDA Software. JDA Softwares Supply Chain Optimisation and Transportation Logistics Management solutions allow companies to respond rapidly to shifts in consumer demand, as well as manage, optimise and execute the strategic, operational and tactical business processes that transform the supply chain into a strategic differentiator. (Source: Forecasting Demand Planning). Sales Marketing: Marketing and Sales for Pepsi e is huge. Pepsi relies extensively on advertising and sales promotion in marketing its products. Pepsi Enterprises and TCCC have established a Global Marketing Fund, under which TCCC pays Pepsi Enterprises $ 61.5 million annually through December 31, 2014, as support for marketing activities. (Source: annual report). After Sales: David Johnston, JDA Software senior vice president of manufacturing and wholesale distribution, said, JDAs innovative supply chain solution enabled Pepsi Consolidated to achieve substantial inventory reductions while also delivering significant improvements in customer service levels. Additionally, sales from new product introductions improved greatly. More and more companies are focusing on achieving true supply chain optimisation excellence in a quest to deliver improved market responsiveness, better lifecycle management, optimised network-wide inventory levels, increased customer service levels, and reduced logistics costs. JDA Software has continually delivered innovation that provides manufacturers, wholesale distributors and retailers with unparalleled optimisation and visibility into the extended supply chain that enables them to delight their customers and shareholders alike. (Source: Forecasting Demand Planning). 4.2 7 Ps and 7 Ss 7 Ps STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES PRODUCT 1. Great Energy drink with the popular Pepsi Zero taste 2. Carbon drink 3. Enriched with vitamins 4. Innovation in products and packaging 5. Consumer and customer goodwill associated with the brand portfolio 6. Very strong brand awareness ensures that Pepsi popular products must be stored by retailers 1.Seasonality in the UK 2. The energy drinks are usually considered as unhealthy and too sweet 3.Competing with Red Bull which is the leader ( de loin) PRICE 1. Same price as Red bull 2. Affordable for Coke Zero consumers 3. Price package architecture (different pricing options) 1. Ingredients and packaging costs per case increase, as finished goods and increasing cost of sparkling beverage concentrate. 2. Same price as Red Bull but same taste as Pepsi, so needs to justify the price by insisting on the added vitamins and quality of Stevia sweetener. PLACE 1. Pepsi owns the largest beverage distribution system 2. NRJ Coke Zero will be available everywhere 3. Will benefit from the Pepsi existing and well established distribution channels 1. Changes in the relationships with large customers may negatively impact financial results 2. Disagreement among bottlers could lead to complicated negotiation with customers, suppliersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Dilution of the Coke brand as it is sold in the retailers shelfs 4. Referencing challenge as it is a question mark product for the retailers PROMOTION 1. Heavy marketing and advertising campaigns 2. Heavy use of celebrity endorsement 3. Effective PR 4. TCCC is the official sponsor of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in the UK 1. Expensive Marketing and Advertising campaigns 2. Expensive promotion as it is to inform and differentiate the product PEOPLE 1.Great customer service 2.Improved customer service through the implementation of a new selling system for smaller customers 1. The customer facing staff are not part of the TCCC personnel, their customer service is not homogeneous and dedicated to Pepsi 2. The staff are not expert of the new product and will not be able to sell it properly or explain its attributes to the final customers PROCESS 1. Constant innovation in the equipment and in supply chain infrastructure improvement 2. Very efficient supply chain, linking the retailers stocks to TCCC bottling partners directly for reordering 1.Long processes as it is a multinational 2. Long decision making process PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1.Great vending, dispensing machines, coolers 2. Great head offices 3. Strong brand, trademark, Pepsi bottler, great packaging and design 4. Very comprehensive and well elaborated website 1. Variety of shops Recommendations for improvement The marketing plan takes the corporate objectives and communicates them into measurable outcomes. Piercy (2002) states that The real strategic problem in marketing is not the strategy it is marketing the implementation and the change (p166 CIM) Lack of skills An effective organizational structure and committed leadership is needed to deliver the marketing plan (CIM p166). Improving marketing skills in the company Presentation of operational proposal for addressing the : Lack of Resources A lack of sufficient financial budgets and people to support the required task needed to implement the plan. Time constraints can also affect the delivery of the plan. Organizational Culture The culture of the company could hinder the development of the marketing plan across the company. The existing shared values of the organizations. The established processes and company traditions can make departments resistant to change. Systems Internal Marketing Internal marketing and resource allocation will need to be planned to Ensuring people sell expected targets and Undertaking effective communicate brand images and ensure value based marketing Strategy not suitable for the business The strategy needs to be approved by Managing directors to determine its accuracy and Turbulent market environment The unpredictable changes in the market will make the marketing plan The inclusion of an contingency planning and benchmarking